At 7:45 a.m. each weekday, while most of his peers at Naperville Central High School in Naperville, Ill., are sitting in class and groggy with sleep, 15-year-old Matt Bray is running sprints, jumping rope, lifting weights, and engaging in other activities, all aimed at getting his heart pumping.
This early-morning exercise class is about more than getting in shape, though. A small but growing number of experts and educators suggest that Mr. Bray is priming his brain for learning at the same time he鈥檚 sculpting his biceps.
鈥淚t鈥檚 been actually raising my grades a little bit higher,鈥� Mr. Bray, a freshman, said of the class, which he has been taking since September. 鈥淣ow I鈥檓 getting A鈥檚 and B鈥檚 on average,鈥� he said. 鈥淚n junior high, I was getting B鈥檚 and C鈥檚.鈥�
Seven or eight years ago, studies offered mixed results on the question of whether exercise can boost brain function in children and adolescents. Experts are beginning to contend, however, that the case is getting stronger.
鈥淭here鈥檚 sort of no question about it now,鈥� said Dr. John J. Ratey, a clinical associate professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. 鈥淭he exercise itself doesn鈥檛 make you smarter, but it puts the brain of the learners in the optimal position for them to learn.鈥�
Range of Benefits
Dr. Ratey is the author of Spark: The Revolutionary New Science of Education and the Brain, a book published last month by Little, Brown and Co. It draws together emerging findings from neuroscientific, biomedical, and educational research that correlate exercise with a wide range of brain-related benefits鈥攊mproving attention, reducing stress and anxiety, and staving off cognitive decline in old age, for example.
The interest in documenting a link between exercise and learning in children and adolescents comes as trends in physical activity seem to point in the opposite direction. Studies suggest that, with 30 percent of the nation鈥檚 schoolchildren classified as overweight, childhood obesity is reaching epidemic proportions.
Proponents of the educational benefits of exercise maintain that the federal No Child Left Behind Act, which puts pressure on schools to raise students鈥� test scores in core academic subjects, is prompting some schools to cut back on time for physical education classes and recess. Nationwide, Dr. Ratey writes in his book, only 6 percent of schools now offer PE five days a week. 鈥淎t the same time,鈥� he adds, 鈥渒ids are spending 5.5 hours a day in front of a screen of some sort鈥攖elevision, computer, or hand-held device.鈥�
鈥淗ad the creators of No Child Left Behind looked at the data, they would鈥檝e realized that physical activity is good for the brain,鈥� said Charles H. Hillman, an associate professor of kinesiology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
With his university colleague Darla M. Castelli, Mr. Hillman assessed the physical-fitness levels of 239 3rd and 5th graders from four Illinois elementary schools. Their , in the Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, show that children who got good marks on two measures of physical fitness鈥攖hose that gauge aerobic fitness and body-mass index鈥攖ended also to have higher scores on state exams in reading and mathematics. That relationship also held true regardless of children鈥檚 gender or socieconomic differences.
鈥楤owled Over鈥�
Another , involving 163 overweight children in Augusta, Ga., found, in addition, that the cognitive and academic benefits of exercise seemed to increase with the size of the dose.
For that study, a cross-disciplinary research team randomly assigned children to one of three groups. One group received 20 minutes of physical activity every day after school. Another group got a 40-minute daily workout, and the third group got no special exercise sessions.
After 14 weeks, the children who made the greatest improvement, as measured by both a standardized academic test and a test that measured their level of executive function鈥攖hinking processes, in other words, that involve planning, organizing, abstract thought, or self-control鈥攚ere those who spent 40 minutes a day playing tag and taking part in other active games designed by the researchers. The cognitive and academic gains for the 20-minutes-a-day group were half as large.
鈥淚 was frankly bowled over by the results,鈥� said Catherine L. Davis, the lead author of the study, a preliminary version of which was published in December in Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 鈥淚t鈥檚 like a staircase, which is considered strong evidence for causation,鈥� added Ms. Davis, who is an associate professor of pediatrics at the Medical College of Georgia in Augusta.
PE Experiment
In the meantime, educators in Naperville District 203, a suburban district of 18,600 students just west of Chicago, have been conducting some informal experiments on their own. With advice from Dr. Ratey, the school instituted what is now called a 鈥渓earning readiness鈥� PE class where students such as Mr. Bray can choose from more than a dozen heart-pumping activities.
The students wear heart monitors, which they check to maintain a heart rate of 160 to 190 beats a minute for 25-minute stretches at a time throughout the week.
When the class started in the fall of 2004, it included about a dozen students who were targeted for extra help based on low test scores in reading and teacher recommendations. Reading teachers were also recruited to infuse a bit of literacy instruction into some of the activities.
One game called for students to race around on scooters to match words with their definitions written on pieces of paper on the floor, said Paul Zientarski, the school鈥檚 instructional coordinator for physical education and health.
After their early-morning PE session, the students joined other struggling readers and writers in a special literacy class designed to give them extra academic help in those areas.
At the end of one semester, Naperville educators found, students who took part in both the early-morning exercise program and the literacy class showed 1.34 of a year鈥檚 growth on standardized reading tests, according to Mr. Zientarski. The gain for the students in the literacy-only group, in comparison, was seven-tenths of a year.
Naperville educators tried the same approach the following school year with an introductory algebra class for students having difficulty in mathematics and saw even more dramatic gains. Students who both exercised and took the extra-help math class increased their scores on a standardized algebra test by 20.4 percent. The gain for students in the control group was 3.87 percent, according to Mr. Zientarski.
The school did not get the same results, though, a year later when the 鈥渓earning readiness鈥� classes and the literacy classes were scheduled six hours apart.
Students who had literacy lessons right after exercising did just as well, but improvements were smaller for students with afternoon literacy classes. That led Naperville Central鈥檚 guidance counselors to recommend that all students schedule their toughest academic classes right after PE.
鈥淲e now have three years of data showing what we have, and we really think we鈥檙e on to something,鈥� Mr. Zientarski added.
But district administrators would like to enlist university-based researchers to do more-formal studies before incorporating major scheduling changes districtwide.
鈥淲e have so many different variables that could affect how we evaluate the course,鈥� said Jody Wirt, the district鈥檚 associate superintendent for instruction. 鈥淚s it the class size? Or the teachers?鈥�
Mental 鈥楳iracle-Gro鈥�
Likewise, scientists are still not entirely sure how exercise primes the brain for learning. But, according to Dr. Ratey, they have some good ideas.
Laboratory studies in mice and humans, for instance, show that exercise prompts the brain to produce greater amounts of a protein called brain-derived neurotrophic factor or BDNF, which Dr. Ratey likes to call 鈥淢iracle-Gro鈥� for the brain.
It encourages brain cells to sprout synapses, which are crucial to forming the connections the brain needs to make in order to learn. It also strengthens cells and protects them from dying out.
Other research also suggests that exercise plays a role in neurogenesis, the production of new brain cells, in middle-aged and older adults and in laboratory animals.
鈥淭here鈥檚 no way to say for sure that improves learning capacity for kids, but it certainly seems to correlate to that,鈥� Dr. Ratey said. What seems to continue to be important, though, is what gets put in those brain cells鈥攊n other words, whether students are given complex learning fodder to practice and master.
It鈥檚 also not likely, Dr. Ratey said, that just any physical education curriculum will produce the kinds of benefits that Naperville saw with its 鈥渓earning readiness鈥� classes.
At the instigation of former physical education teacher Phil Lawler, the Naperville district has been at the forefront of a national movement for the 鈥渘ew PE,鈥欌�� a philosophy that promotes teaching students how to be fit and lead healthy lives, rather than focusing on sports skills and game rules.
鈥淣o more getting picked last for basketball. No more climbing ropes or playing dodgeball,鈥� said Mr. Lawler, who now works for a Kansas City, Mo.-based foundation, called PE4Life, that trains teachers and promotes the concept nationwide.
Mr. Lawler and Mr. Zientarski, for instance, began using heart-rate monitors with all their classes more than a decade ago.
They also raised money to install climbing walls and ropes courses in their schools and brought in kayaks and sophisticated exercise equipment that incorporates video games and virtual-reality technology to make exercise more engaging for students.
Traditional sports are still taught, but the games, such as three-on-three basketball, take place in smaller groups, Mr. Lawler said. 鈥淭his isn鈥檛 just a few PE teachers with a wild idea anymore,鈥� he said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 combining what should go on in a quality physical education program with some of the highest-quality research in the world in neuroscience and cognitive science.鈥�
