While it was still in the design stage, plans for Discovery Elementary School in Arlington, Va., included making it the largest zero-energy elementary school in the country鈥攎eaning it produced as much energy as it used鈥攁nd the first in the mid-Atlantic region.
The school not only accomplished those goals under budget, it generated more clean energy than it used in 2016, making it what鈥檚 known as a 鈥渘et-positive鈥� building that feeds electricity back into the local grid.
So-called 鈥済reen schools鈥� like Discovery can save money, protect the environment, and positively impact student performance and health, say advocates, educators, and architects with experience in school construction. But districts and schools must consider both design and long-term operation and maintenance of a building in order to create a truly sustainable facility.
鈥淚f you鈥檙e spending money on resources but aren鈥檛 being smart and strategic about how you鈥檙e using them, you wind up being wasteful,鈥� said Anisa Heming, the director of the Center for Green Schools at the U.S. Green Building Council, which developed the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system to evaluate a building鈥檚 environmental performance.
There are 1,883 LEED-certified K-12 schools in the U.S., including approximately 30 net-zero energy schools. In Ohio, Gov. John Kasich last month recognized the Ohio Facilities Construction Commission for surpassing 300 LEED-certified K-12 schools in the state鈥攚ell ahead of second-place California鈥檚 148. The recognition followed a long process for the facilities commission, which first mandated the use of environmentally friendly design techniques in state-funded K-12 projects in 2007.
鈥淭here has been a great deal of natural interest in these concepts from our state鈥檚 architectural community, which has made our implementation of these design elements a lot easier than one might expect,鈥� said Rick Savors, a spokesman for the commission.
Other states that have emerged as leaders in the green-school movement include Texas, despite its hot climate, and Kentucky, which has both bipartisan leadership around energy efficiency and a history of using federal stimulus money to incentivize schools to become more energy efficient.
Discovery Elementary embodies many of the factors that go into a green school. Toured by educators from as far away as South Korea and Uganda, the school is on track to earn LEED Platinum certification, the highest rating. It has already earned the 2017 American Institute of Architects Committee on the Environment Top Ten Award.
The school, which serves 630 students in pre-K through 5th grade is built into a fairly steep incline on a site determined decades ago as unusable for school construction. The 97,588-square-foot building is terraced into a south-facing hill, orienting it for solar generation and a geothermal system. It also met its residential neighborhood鈥檚 goals for scale, and the community鈥檚 goals for preserving flat, open recreational space.
Discovery鈥檚 1,706 photovoltaic rooftop solar panels are angled to maximize sunlight without overtaxing the HVAC system鈥攁 difficult balance to strike.
The amount of energy cost-savings the school saw in 2015-16 equaled the salaries of two full-time teachers.
Among the $33.5 million school鈥檚 other green features: Walls are constructed with 3,000 linear feet of insulated concrete forms, which combine insulation, energy efficiency, strength, and noise reduction. The cafeteria uses solar-heated water and serves some fruits and vegetables grown in the school鈥檚 garden, which uses graywater runoff from natural rainwater collected from roof surfaces.
In addition, motion detectors and occupancy sensors are linked to residential-sized heating, cooling, and lighting units throughout the building for maximum efficiency. For example, the units responded to 4th graders being out of their section of the school for a while鈥攖hey were on a field trip鈥攂y shutting off the lights.
Construction began in March 2014鈥攁 year and a half before the school opened.
鈥淭he first thing you notice is that it鈥檚 bright because of all the natural lighting, so you can鈥檛 help but be happy and positive,鈥� says Heather Blake, who worked at a traditional (or 鈥渘on-green鈥�) school for six years before becoming Discovery鈥檚 resource teacher for the gifted. 鈥淭here鈥檚 just so much open space here, and it鈥檚 flexible enough for any subject area or activity.鈥�
Justifying the Investment
Despite concerns that sustainable building costs are too expensive, the Center for Green Schools points to several examples that suggest otherwise: The last nine schools built in Virginia Beach, Va., all LEED-certified at various levels, cost the district up to 34 percent less than regional construction cost averages. River Crest Elementary School, in Hudson, Wis., a LEED Gold school, cost 29 percent less than regional construction costs to build. And Fossil Ridge High School, in Fort Collins, Colo., was built for $128 per square foot, among the least expensive schools the district built in 2004.
Regardless, any move to save money shouldn鈥檛 come at the expense of a job well done, say those who have experience with green schools.
鈥淢ake sure that the school and architects are paired with construction and contracting engineers that understand the needs of students and teachers,鈥� warned Keith David Reeves, Discovery Elementary鈥檚 senior instructional technology coordinator. 鈥淲e got to the point where we had to switch one contractor that wasn鈥檛 listening to us. Some things may look on paper like an efficiency, but a school has to be a school first.鈥�
Efficiency should still be a top priority, however. Discovery Elementary鈥檚 highly integrated energy dashboard has broken down data on power consumption and power generation at a granular level鈥攐n an hourly basis鈥攕ince the system went online in July 2016. Net total of kilowatts produced between then and October 2017: 182,167.
Some of the same approaches can pay off at existing schools.
鈥淵ou can鈥檛 manage what you don鈥檛 measure,鈥� said Erik Lueders, the sustainability and purchasing director at the Parkway school district in suburban St. Louis.
That district benchmarks energy and water use in its schools against a national average, and about five years ago identified the 1,100-student Parkway North High School as problematic. Sustainability improvements to the school have resulted in a reduction of energy use by 25 percent between 2011 and 2016; between 2012 and 2016, it had reduced water consumption from plumbing, drinking fountains, and kitchen use by 37 percent, and irrigation water use by 45 percent.
Those improvements led to the U.S. Department of Education choosing Parkway North to be part of its 2017 Green Ribbon Schools program, which recognizes reduced environmental impact and costs, improved health and wellness, and effective environmental and sustainability education. Nationally, 340 schools and 56 districts have been recognized in the program, launched in 2011.
Aside from a new addition for the 2017-18 academic year, all other renovations鈥攕tarting with LED lighting, which Lueders said was installed with in-house labor and paid for itself in less than a year鈥攈ave consisted of retrofitting existing equipment. A master plan for additional renovations included swapping water-cooled chillers to air-cooled chillers as part of the air conditioning system, as well as a timeline for replacing old HVAC equipment and other inefficient features. The district uses a free, downloadable set of energy-saving guidelines provided through the Atlanta-based American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers to help guide equipment decisions.
Preparation Needed
Early-stage planning鈥攚hether building from the ground up or retrofitting an existing school鈥攈elps avoid a number of common pitfalls known to make state-of-the art sustainable schools fall down in their performance.
The systems being designed for these schools are fairly complex, yet districts, particularly rural ones, often lack someone on staff with the knowledge and expertise to operate and maintain them. That means breakdowns can result in having to redesign systems to make them easier to operate, hiring out for quarterly repairs, or simply accepting that the equipment won鈥檛 operate at optimum levels.
鈥淲e have to make sure that in our zeal to design super-efficient buildings, we don鈥檛 lose track of the abilities of our clients,鈥� said Denver-based Paul C. Hutton, a member and past chair of the American Institute of Architects Committee on Architecture for Education.
As principal and chief sustainability officer at Cuningham Group, a firm that designs schools and other projects, Hutton has seen a recent rise in clients from Colorado, California, and the Upper Midwest using LEED standards as guidelines without pursuing certification.
鈥淢aybe you could argue LEED is a victim of its own success,鈥� he said. 鈥淚t was expensive before, but it鈥檚 even more expensive now.鈥�
Heming, of the Center for Green Schools, estimates that LEED certification for a 95,000-square-foot school, built at average construction costs for $24.3 million, would total about $8,000.
Buy-In Crucial
Getting buy-in from all key players鈥攆rom school board members to janitors鈥攃an be a commitment in itself.
Before opening four new schools in fall 2017, Colorado鈥檚 Boulder Valley school district brought together architects, engineers, designers, project managers, and maintenance workers to talk about sustainable systems as a whole, and how individual features would impact each other.
Some sustainable features can have drawbacks. For instance, sun-absorbing artificial turf made with ground-up tires, which can be used for playing fields and other surfaces, can produce a 鈥渉eat island鈥� effect that increases temperatures and off-gassing of chemicals from the rubber.
鈥淎 lot of schools have gone way too far in adding it everywhere, and it鈥檚 creating a problem,鈥� said Shea Cunningham, the chief sustainability officer and executive strategist with Los Angeles-based Balanced Approach, which helps school districts with sustainability planning. 鈥淭here鈥檚 a coconut-based filter that鈥檚 nontoxic, which is an improvement, but it鈥檚 not widely used.鈥�
Research shows that ambient air pollution and limited access to daylight have been associated with chronic absenteeism, poor performance, and medical issues. Districts that want to stay ahead of potential health problems can get Environmental Product Declarations, which disclose potential impacts of construction materials, and Health Product Declarations, which disclose potential impacts to people. Declarations can be found through voluntary and membership organizations such as the International EPD System and the Health Product Declaration Collaborative. Whatever the design and subsequent plan, districts need to be prepared for a prolonged commitment.
鈥淭his isn鈥檛 something that happens overnight, and it doesn鈥檛 happen with just one project,鈥� said Lueders from Missouri鈥檚 Parkway district. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a continual evolution. You celebrate your successes and keep on driving.鈥�
