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The flood of federal economic-stimulus money into the nation鈥檚 public schools has dramatically increased the demand for education consultants, leaving some stimulus recipients struggling to find seasoned advisers and others uneasy about the pitches they are getting.

The frenzy was caused by the unprecedented size and scope of the nearly $100 billion federal effort, which began two years ago with passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. That infusion has stirred great expectations among policymakers and the public. Faced with nerve-racking timelines, their own bold promises, and a dearth of in-house expertise, states and school districts have anxiously sought advice on how to demonstrate progress and avoid missteps.

鈥淪ome are calling it 鈥楴o Consultant Left Behind,鈥欌�� said Frederick M. Hess, the director of education policy studies at the American Enterprise Institute, a think tank based in Washington.

There are consultants who know data, consultants who say they can revitalize struggling schools, and consultants who write grant proposals that lead winning states and school districts to hire other consultants. They work at nonprofit organizations, universities, and textbook giants like the British-based Pearson PLC, a huge educational publishing concern. A good many are former state commissioners or district superintendents who have parlayed their expertise into lucrative jobs as education experts.

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Many of them were present at a downtown Washington hotel conference room in December to assist state education officials who won a share of the $4 billion in competitive grants under the Race to the Top program, the best-known element of the stimulus effort in education. The officials had come to learn about state-of-the-art strategies for using sophisticated data-tracking to link teacher evaluations to student achievement. Most of the recognized experts in the field were there鈥攁ll half-dozen of them.

鈥淭here鈥檚 a sense of confusion and anxiety,鈥� said Scott Joftus, the director of the Race to the Top Technical Assistance Network, a stimulus-funded contractor tasked with aiding states and districts in implementing their bold plans. 鈥淭here鈥檚 a general acknowledgment that there are a handful of people with the expertise to implement assessments related to teacher evaluation鈥攎aybe seven or eight people in the country.鈥�

The scramble reflects the scope of the states鈥� ambitions. 鈥淭here鈥檚 a lot of money being thrown into the system at the same time to create changes that have never been done before,鈥� Mr. Joftus said. 鈥淪tates have promised a ridiculous amount of change.鈥�

Few Guarantees

Many states are just beginning to sign contracts for outside help. Those that have made consulting deals seldom have guarantees. It is the rare contract that comes with a promise of increased student achievement in exchange for services.

And lately some state education officials have grown skeptical of some proposals.

Leslie Wilson, the assistant state superintendent for assessment in Maryland, estimates about 38 percent of the $125 million in Race to the Top funds that her state received will flow through her office, with much of it going to build a new system for collecting student data. She says representatives of nonprofits, for-profit companies, colleges, and universities have gone to great lengths to try to talk to her about related contracts. They have called her, e-mailed her, and approached her at conferences.

Some have enlisted mutual friends to intervene. One vendor asked the state superintendent of education to persuade Ms. Wilson to schedule a meeting.

She says she has warned them all to stay away because she believes such conversations will disqualify consultants from bidding on stimulus-funded technology contracts.

鈥淭hey understand, but they don鈥檛 want to abide by it,鈥� added Ms. Wilson, who described the parties involved as 鈥減eople who you have never heard of and people who should know better.鈥�

The phenomenon may be even more pervasive in the market for turning around failing schools, which received a $3 billion jolt from the stimulus program known as the School Improvement Grant fund. Just a few years ago, there were few consultants even marketing themselves as turnaround experts.

With the stimulus, U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan has said he wants to transform thousands of schools in the bottom 5 percent in performance over the next few years. That鈥檚 a tall order. Schools in the bottom 5 percent are places where fewer than one in three students read at grade level, the dropout rate is over 50 percent, and there are enough disciplinary issues to make them feel like armed fortresses. In the landscape of school reform, they are like the Middle East: constantly fought over, subject to countless 鈥渟olutions鈥� that come and go, and, in the end, stubbornly resistant to change.

That metaphor is an apt one for the market as well. In the fall of 2009, Mr. Joftus was contacted by a former contractor who was working for Global Partnership Schools, a new school turnaround venture funded by GEMS Education, a Dubai-based company founded by entrepreneur Sunny Varkey. The caller was hoping to obtain copies of Mr. Joftus鈥� contract for school improvement services in Kansas.

鈥淵ou know we鈥檙e in a new era when school turnaround firms in the U.S. are being funded out of the Middle East,鈥� Mr. Joftus said. 鈥淭o me, that says there鈥檚 money to be made. I call this period the Wild West in education.鈥�

Mr. Joftus is not questioning the organization鈥檚 credentials or quality. By all accounts, Global Partnership has experience on its side. It is run by Rudy Crew, a former schools chief in New York City and Miami-Dade County, and Manuel J. Rivera, a former superintendent in Rochester, N.Y.

Also, it backs its promises with a rare performance guarantee: Its contract with the 18,000-student Pueblo, Colo., district states that Global Partnership will be fully paid only if it succeeds in significantly boosting student achievement. Up to 20 percent of its $1.5 million fee is linked to a series of benchmarks geared to overhauling Pueblo鈥檚 schools.

鈥淲ithin 12 to 18 months, there鈥檇 better be gains, or if I were a district I鈥檇 raise some serious questions,鈥� Mr. Rivera said. 鈥淭here traditionally hasn鈥檛 been that kind of accountability in the field.鈥�

The aggressive competition and hoopla behind the big grant programs make some in the field uncomfortable. School turnarounds are notoriously hard to accomplish and harder still to maintain. Revitalizing schools that have become dropout factories typically means replacing the principal and a large number of staff members, as well as installing tough discipline and a new curriculum. Such efforts also require creating a new culture where high expectations are the norm.

鈥淰ery few people understand what a turnaround takes,鈥� said Josh Edelman, the deputy chief of innovation for the 45,000-student District of Columbia school system. 鈥淲hat people expect is that you鈥檙e going to see magic. Most of these schools have been failing for years. They鈥檙e not going to turn around on a dime.鈥�

Sandra Abrevaya, a spokeswoman for the U.S. Department of Education, said the department is hopeful that its investment will help build expertise in turnarounds and other tricky areas, adding she is encouraged that states and districts are beginning to share their knowledge.

鈥淲hile there is a need for more experts in the field, we鈥檙e very optimistic that states will build this capacity and that more high-quality organizations will emerge to assist them,鈥� she said.

The difficulty of the tasks at hand and the relative lack of supply make education consulting a lucrative enterprise. Those in the field say it is typical for an individual expert to make between $1,500 and $5,000 a day, depending on his or her level of expertise. In Ohio, more than half the state department of education鈥檚 $194 million share of Race to the Top funds will be awarded to 鈥渆xternal providers,鈥� according to state documents.

Big Names

The money has attracted big names and powerful organizations. Sir Michael Barber, who was education adviser to former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, heads the global education practice of McKinsey & Co., a consulting giant that helped several states write Race to the Top applications.

In November, Rupert Murdoch鈥檚 News Corp. paid $360 million for a 90 percent share in another company that helped consult for the Race to the Top competition, Wireless Generation, a New York City-based education technology firm.

Wireless Generation鈥檚 involvement in the competition was not without controversy. Despite being paid more than $500,000 by New Jersey, the company failed to catch an erroneous last-minute change to the application. That cost New Jersey crucial points in the competition, leading to an 11th-place finish鈥攋ust out of the money. Bret Schundler, New Jersey鈥檚 state education commissioner at the time, took responsibility for the error and was fired.

Wireless Generation officials have not commented publicly on the error, which is the subject of several state investigations. Some legislators have blamed Wireless Generation for not noticing the error, and have asked the company to return its fee. (Wireless Generation鈥檚 chief executive officer, Larry Berger, is a member of the board of 澳门跑狗论坛, the nonprofit corporation that publishes 澳门跑狗论坛.)

Just how important is a good consultant? Ask Jennifer Vranek, the founding partner of Education First Consulting, based in Seattle. Her company was behind the successful Race to the Top applications for Hawaii, Maryland, Ohio, and Tennessee鈥攐ne-third of the winners.

鈥淚f nothing else, a consultant has the ability to focus exclusively on the application, unlike the typical state education official, who has 75 other things to focus on,鈥� she said. 鈥淎 good consultant makes a difference.鈥�

She insists the job involves more than spin. In the Race to the Top, states were pushed to make bold promises in their grant applications. Part of the job of the consultant, Ms. Vranek says, is to ensure they deliver. Education First cajoled the state leadership in Maryland to commit to overhaul its longitudinal-data system, which cannot currently link student test data to individual teachers or track the learning growth of an individual student over time.

The federal government鈥檚 stimulus effort was designed to persuade states to take on such complex improvements. Convinced they have an important role to play, many consultants fear that in a time of severe economic distress, there will be less patience than usual for the missteps that inevitably accompany innovation.

鈥淚f we get 50 percent of this right, I think that鈥檚 a success,鈥� said Mr. Joftus, the Race to the Top technical-assistance director. 鈥淢y concern is that the public will see this as a 50 percent failure rate. If that happens, there鈥檚 going to be a huge backlash.鈥�