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The nation鈥檚 largest school district is engaged in a fierce debate over the merits and drawbacks of mayoral control as a legislative deadline looms for renewing the governance arrangement.

The 2002 law that gave New York City鈥檚 mayor authority over the school system will 鈥渟unset鈥� on June 30 unless state lawmakers step in, as they are widely expected to do. They will have no shortage of suggestions from parents, politicians, academics, and educators who are arguing over the results of Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg鈥檚 seven years of control.

鈥淥ne of the things we鈥檝e heard over and over and over again is that parents and the community feel left out of the system,鈥� Betsy Gotbaum, New York City鈥檚 elected public advocate, said at a recent public hearing on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. Her independent agency, charged with helping residents with the city鈥檚 bureaucracy, has spearheaded discussions on school governance.

The question now, Ms. Gotbaum said, is 鈥渉ow do you best assure some kind of community input without creating paralysis in the system?鈥�

Few here say they want to return to the days of a politically fractious board of education and a decentralized system of 32 community school boards. Those bodies were wiped out by the state law, which created a 13-member and eliminated the community districts. The mayor appoints seven of the members, while the city鈥檚 five borough presidents each appoint a member. The schools chancellor, selected by the mayor, is the chairman of the board.

The New York City Department of Education is now housed at Tweed Hall in Manhattan with the rest of the city government, rather than in the borough of Brooklyn.

Mayor Bloomberg, a billionaire businessman who last year successfully sought a change in city law to allow him to run for a third term, declined to be interviewed. But he and his chancellor, Joel I. Klein, a former U.S. Department of Justice antitrust chief, say their leadership of the 1 million-student system has been a success.

Mayoral control, Mr. Klein said in an interview earlier this month, aligns accountability and authority for schools.

鈥淚 think the basic structure is sound, but there鈥檚 no question that any structure can be improved,鈥� he said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not about whether it鈥檚 a perfect law; it鈥檚 about whether the law provides the right governance structure.鈥�

Mr. Bloomberg, in a videotaped interview last month with the , a project of the Center for American Progress Action Fund, reeled off what he sees as accomplishments under the current structure, including improved teacher recruitment and higher test scores.

鈥淏efore we had mayoral control, it was a disaster,鈥� Mr. Bloomberg said. 鈥淚 know of no thing that we鈥檝e done that would have been remotely possible under the old system.鈥�

Video of Joel Klein from 澳门跑狗论坛鈥榮 live event

The theme of the mayorally controlled school system has been 鈥淐hildren First,鈥� reflecting the view of critics of the former system that it had put adults鈥� needs ahead of those of students. Under a plan by the same name, the city鈥檚 department of education created new academic standards, including a core curriculum in reading and mathematics, and streamlined the management structure of the district.

Video of Mayor Michael Bloomberg from

With what district leaders call 鈥渟tability and coherence鈥� in place, the school system then moved to empower schools by giving principals more autonomy, but holding them accountable for results. In the past seven years, the city also has opened more than 350 new district-run and charter schools, bringing the city鈥檚 total number of schools to 1,500.

Mayoral control 鈥渉as given principals and assistant principals a greater voice in what happens at their local school,鈥� said Ernest A. Logan, the president of the , the principals鈥� union.

鈥淩ight now, the principal and his or her cabinet is responsible for all aspects of a school,鈥� he said. 鈥淚n New York City, we never used to do this.鈥�

The , whose members have received 43 percent in salary increases under Mr. Bloomberg鈥檚 administration, praises the additional resources and attention that have flowed into the district. Since 2002, for instance, more than $230 million in outside funding has been raised.

But the 200,000-member teachers鈥� union, an affiliate of the American Federation of Teachers, faults management for what it sees as a preoccupation with changing the organizational structure of the system, 鈥渇ollowing the pattern of a hostile corporate takeover and restructuring,鈥� according to a UFT task force report issued in February.

The report says that on a host of issues鈥攕ocial promotion, students鈥� use of cellphones in schools, bus routes, policies for gifted and talented instruction, and the use of no-bid contracts鈥攕chool officials have ignored the public鈥檚 views.

Mr. Bloomberg and Mr. Klein 鈥渢hink that accountability means complete dictatorial control,鈥� said Leonie Haimson, the executive director of , a parental advocacy group. 鈥淭hey have to shift.鈥�

Said Mr. Klein: 鈥淭hat鈥檚 a work in progress鈥攆inding ways to make sure that parents can get their questions answered and their concerns addressed. The parents who didn鈥檛 get what they wanted, they say they want more checks and balances. But they really just want what they want.鈥�

A , in Hamden, Conn., suggests that mayoral control is supported by New Yorkers. In March, the poll asked city voters if mayoral control should continue. Fifty-two percent said yes, 37 percent said no, and 12 percent said they didn鈥檛 know or couldn鈥檛 answer the question.

But the poll also suggests New Yorkers wouldn鈥檛 mind if the mayor had some checks on his power over the schools. In separate questions, voters said 53 percent to 37 percent that the mayor should share control with the City Council, and 50 percent to 41 percent that he should share control with the borough presidents.

No issue has been more contested than whether students are doing better academically under mayoral government.

Mr. Bloomberg and Mr. Klein have touted what they say are increases in students鈥� scores on state tests since 2002.

On May 7, the city education department released its latest reading scores: The report showed 68.9 percent of 4th graders and 57 percent of 8th graders met or exceeded state standards in 2009. In 2002, those proportions were 46.5 percent and 29.5 percent, respectively. The gap between black and Hispanic students鈥� scores and those of white students is also narrowing, city education officials reported.

But skeptics say those test results are illusory. Foremost among them is Diane Ravitch, a research professor of education at New York University and noted historian of New York City education. Ms. Ravitch, who co-writes the Bridging Differences blog on edweek.org, has emerged as the Bloomberg administration鈥檚 most prominent and persistent critic.

A better measure of what students know are the scores on the federal , she argues. And on that measure, New York City students鈥� scores were flat between 2003 and 2007, except in 4th grade math. The NAEP tests measure reading, writing, math, and science for 4th and 8th grade students. The city education department counters by saying NAEP tests are not aligned with state standards and that the New York state tests are a more meaningful gauge of progress.

Ms. Ravitch says she believes mayoral control is an appropriate governance structure for the New York City schools, with the right checks and balances.

鈥淭hat鈥檚 not being against mayor control, that鈥檚 being against autocracy,鈥� she said of her position. 鈥淭here鈥檚 no magic to mayoral control. It can be good or not be good. It鈥檚 not a causal factor to student achievement.鈥�

Graduation rates are another point of contention. The city says the share of students graduating from high school in four years is rising. According to the education department, the graduation rate for the class of 2005, which started high school before mayoral control, was 46.5 percent. The graduation rate for the class of 2007, which started high school in 2003, was 52.2 percent.

But the public advocate鈥檚 office released a report this month suggesting that the city鈥檚 practice of 鈥渄ischarging鈥� some high school students was artificially inflating graduation rates. was written by Ms. Haimson, of Class Size Matters, and Jennifer L. Jennings, a doctoral student at Columbia University who formerly wrote a blog, eduwonkette, hosted by edweek.org.

Students who leave school in New York without graduating are assigned one of 23 codes that describe why they left. Those who transfer to other schools, are expelled, or withdraw because of pregnancy, for example, are counted as 鈥渄ischarges.鈥� Some of the students considered discharges by the school system would be dropouts under federal standards, the report says. There also is no auditing to make sure that students who are listed as enrolling in another school actually do so, it says.

The city has responded that the report reflects the system鈥檚 high student-mobility rates.

Joseph P. Viteritti, the executive director of the , an advisory panel created by Ms. Gotbaum鈥檚 office, said public hearings revealed support for an independent agency that would report school data. The panel recommended giving the city鈥檚 Independent Budget Office authority to release data on schools to help eliminate 鈥渟pin鈥� surrounding test scores.

Mr. Viteritti, a professor of public policy at Hunter College, part of the City University of New York system, said the commission also called for more oversight of large contracts. The chancellor has used his authority to award contracts to outside organizations without competitive bidding, according to the city comptroller.

鈥淭here have been hundreds of millions of no-bid contracts. Even in New York, that鈥檚 a lot of money,鈥� Mr. Viteritti said, noting that the commission believes the school system should follow the same procurement processes as other city agencies, with the city comptroller having audit authority.

Sheldon Silver, the speaker of the New York State Assembly and one of the main architects of the mayoral-control law, is talking with his fellow New York City representatives about the law, said Dan Weiller, his press secretary.

鈥淭he speaker鈥檚 basic position is he certainly doesn鈥檛 believe we want to go back to what we had in 2002,鈥� Mr. Weiller said, 鈥渂ut there could be some tweaks to the current system.鈥�

Some 鈥渢weaking鈥� is a goal some mayoral-control supporters can understand. Geoffrey Canada is the president and chief executive officer of the , which provides comprehensive medical, educational, and social services in Central Harlem. He is also a founding board member of Learn NY, an umbrella lobbying group that supports mayoral control, and he said he鈥檚 sympathetic to calls for modifications.

鈥淏ut the way to do that is not to change the structure so that the mayor can be tied up by politics where the accountability disappears,鈥� he said. 鈥淲e can鈥檛 allow that to happen to the schools again.鈥�