The nation鈥檚 public schools are falling under severe financial stress as states slash education spending and drain federal stimulus money that staved off deep classroom cuts and widespread job losses.
School districts have already suffered big budget cuts since the recession began two years ago, but experts say the cash crunch will get a lot worse as states run out of stimulus dollars.
The result in many hard-hit districts: more teacher layoffs, larger class sizes, smaller paychecks, fewer electives and extracurricular activities, and decimated summer school programs.
The situation is particularly ugly in California, where school districts are preparing for mass layoffs and swelling class sizes as the state grapples with another massive budget shortfall.
The crisis concerns parents like Michelle Parker in San Francisco, where the school district is preparing to lay off hundreds of school employees and raise class sizes because it faces a $113 million budget deficit over next two years.
鈥淚鈥檓 worried they鈥檙e not going to have the quality education that鈥檚 going to make them competitive in a global society,鈥� said Parker, who has three kids in district elementary schools.
Around the country, state governments are cutting money for schools as they grapple with huge budget gaps triggered by high unemployment, sluggish retail sales and falling real estate prices. A recent report by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities found that 41 states face midyear budget shortfalls totaling $35 billion.
鈥淭he states are facing a dismal financial picture,鈥� said Jack Jennings, president of the Center on Education Policy.
The Obama administration鈥檚 $787 billion federal stimulus package provided roughly $100 billion for education, including $54 billion to stabilize state budgets. In October the White House said the stimulus created or saved 250,000 education jobs.
But many states have used most of their stimulus money, leaving little to cushion budget cuts in the coming fiscal year.
Experts say the looming cuts could weaken the nation鈥檚 public schools, worsen unemployment, undermine President Obama鈥檚 education goals and widen the achievement gap between students in rich and poor districts.
Wealthier communities are filling school budget gaps with local tax increases and aggressive fundraising, but could worsen inequality and undermine the larger system for paying for public schools, said John Rogers, who heads the UCLA Institute for Democracy, Education and Access.
In Michigan, which has the nation鈥檚 highest unemployment rate, school districts lost 2 percent of their state money this year and could lose another 4 percent next year because of a projected government shortfall of $1.6 billion. Most of more than $1 billion in federal stimulus money is gone.
Democratic Gov. Jennifer Granholm has proposed an incentive program to entice about 39,000 public school employees to retire, but that plan has been criticized by the state鈥檚 largest teachers union.
鈥淥ur districts don鈥檛 know what the next step is,鈥� said Don Wotruba, deputy director with the Michigan Association of School Boards.
In Washington state, school districts that lost $1.7 billion in state money over the past two years are bracing for another round of cuts as lawmakers try to plug a $2.8 billion state deficit.
Seattle Public Schools, the state鈥檚 largest district, plans to lay off nonunion staff, freeze hiring, create more efficient bus routes and increase class sizes further to close an expected budget shortfall of $24 million.
In Florida, public schools are being squeezed by state budget cuts and an unexpected increase in student enrollment, including an influx of Haitian students in the aftermath of Haiti鈥檚 devastating earthquake.
Districts have been coping by closing schools during breaks, cutting energy costs and changing transportation routes, but the next round of cuts is expected to hit classrooms.
鈥淲e鈥檙e at a point now where you just can鈥檛 stretch that rubber band any further,鈥� said Bill Montford, CEO of the Florida Association of District School Superintendents.
In California, school districts have already laid off thousands of teachers, increased class sizes and slashed academic programs.
But state officials are warning the worst is yet to come because the state has already handed out most of its $6 billion in stimulus money.
Per-pupil spending for K-12 schools fell 4 percent last year and would be slashed another 8 percent under Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger鈥檚 proposed budget for 2010-2011, according to the state Legislative Analyst鈥檚 Office.
鈥淚t鈥檚 cataclysmic. It hasn鈥檛 been seen since the Great Depression,鈥� said Bruce Fuller, an education professor at the University of California, Berkeley. 鈥淣ow you鈥檙e talking about sizable layoffs and further increases in class sizes.鈥�
More districts are expected to look like Vallejo City Unified School District, which has laid off most of its middle school guidance counselors and no longer offers music or art in elementary school. Last year it laid off 60 of its 860 teachers and raised K-3 class sizes from 20 to 28 students, and officials are considering more layoffs and even bigger class sizes this year, said Christal Watts, who heads the teachers union.
Lori Peck, a first-grade teacher at Vallejo鈥檚 Patterson Elementary School, said the larger class size means she can no longer give her students the individual attention they need.
鈥淚 feel like my class in general is further behind where they should be,鈥� Peck said. 鈥淢y concern is they don鈥檛 reach the standards by the end of the year.鈥�
In San Francisco, Superintendent Carlos Garcia said he鈥檚 worried the cuts will reverse the district鈥檚 progress in narrowing the achievement gap between black and Hispanic students and their white and Asian classmates.
鈥淭hese cuts hurt some of our poorest and neediest kids,鈥� Garcia said. 鈥淭he decisions that school boards and superintendents have to make pretty much go against the grain of everything we believe in.鈥�
