This post is by David Jackson, senior associate at .
Innovation Unit has been visiting and working with innovative schools in the United States for the past decade.
We were a program-design partner to New York City鈥檚 iZone360 initiative for three years, designing new school models to deliver personalized learning, supported by New Tech Network and Big Picture Learning, among others.
We worked closely with High Tech High and seconded six of its spectacular teachers to introduce project-based learning to a group of U.K. schools.
We engaged with Ron Berger and Expeditionary Learning Schools and formed a partnership with XP School in the U.K. to develop Expeditionary Learning principles.
We have a close relationship with two of the XQ school design challenge winners and have mindfully and intentionally visited and studied innovative new schools across the States.
We have taken some important things from all this global learning endeavor and are now applying them in the U.K.. In January, we are supporting the opening of a new kind of school in the U.K. and in so doing, we are adapting and adopting the approaches we鈥檝e admired.
Here are 10 things we鈥檝e learned from some of the new school models in the United States:
1. Engagement precedes content learning--it doesn鈥檛 happen the other way around
Who, in truth, would imagine it being other than this? The deferred-gratification model of engagement--"You will need good results to get a good job in the real world"--doesn鈥檛 work for most learners from socioeconomically challenging backgrounds, those without strong support systems, those without a successful family educational history, or those without a sense of who or what they might become. Why would it? Schools consistently say that a key problem is low aspiration from students and/or parents. The best new kinds of school start with helping every student to have personal, ambitious goals and aspirations that mean something to them.
2. Relationships, relationships, relationships
It is a truth that in most secondary schools, young people are not individually well-known. They have perhaps 12 or more teachers a week, none of whom has more than three hours contact in a class of 25-plus (and these are teachers who will teach 200-plus students a week). In many of the best models we have seen, there are two key relationships not seen in most schools: the teacher 鈥渁dviser鈥� or 鈥渃rew leader鈥� who spends quality time with the group, and community mentors who work closely with students on out-of-school projects--everything from internships to expeditions. There tends to be a consistent teacher adviser for the total time a young person spends in school. In these examples, deep and responsible relationships really, really matter--to both the adults and the young people.
3. Our conventional paradigm of school constrains engagement
Most people working in or around schools instinctively know this, and it is backed by research, which shows that student engagement declines significantly as young people travel through the education system. Engagement in learning at the secondary level is low, and even among those who appear engaged, passive disengagement is endemic. Ask young people to name one word that characterizes their experience of school, and most will say 鈥渂oring.鈥� This is not true of the students in the schools we have visited and studied, because their entire study program derives from or sparks their passions and interest, and they can see its relevance in the real world.
4. Schools don鈥檛 have to be organized around subjects, lessons, and timetables
The historical classification of knowledge into 鈥渟ubjects鈥� is an anachronism. It is perpetuated by exam structures and by the university tradition of preparing subject specialists. The ubiquitous 鈥渙ne-hour lesson鈥� is a design to fit in all the 10 or more subjects and teachers that a young person will see each week. This pattern doesn鈥檛 need to exist in secondary schools. At many of the schools we have worked with, students can have whole-day learning sessions supported by their advisory teacher and shaped by the focus of the project they are engaged with or by their personal learning plan.
5. There are better ways to assess students鈥� learning and skills than tests and exams
This is such a truism that we hardly needed to travel to America to learn it. However, seeing the combination of exhibition, portfolio, presentation, and creation of 鈥渁rtifacts鈥� to demonstrate learning and skills feels like the sane and common-sense approach. It鈥檚 even penetrating policy work, with states adopting performance-based assessment strategies with the support of organizations like the Stanford Center for Assessment, Learning, and Equity (SCALE).
6. Culture matters in schools as much as it does anywhere else
Every school has a culture. In the new U.S. models we have seen, it tends to be explicit, pervasive, and is self-consciously lived and espoused by the students, not just the staff. The students own it and help create it. In September, at one school we visited, when litter started appearing on site from the new students, the juniors and seniors got together and asked them to sort it out--and it worked. If these schools have any tough question from visitors about what it feels like to be part of the school, they let the students, not the leaders, answer.
7. It鈥檚 a religion, and belief matters.
These new kinds of school are staffed by individuals who believe in the humanity of the school鈥檚 approach and its power to transform. Faced with skepticism, the professional-development lead at one of the schools said: 鈥淓veryone thinks it won鈥檛 work, you have to believe that it will--and it does.鈥� That belief includes students, too. It is so pervasive in High Tech High and Big Picture Learning schools that we have visited that it comes across on day one as cultish--it can feel esoteric, almost evangelical, with everyone using the same vocabulary. They talk it up together, and you feel a bit on the outside, critiquing. By day three, you understand that the cultishness is just a verbal and behavioral manifestation of everyone鈥檚 shared belief in the approach--the symbols and rituals of the environment.
8. Parents are embraced as primary educators and significant partners
All schools talk up their commitment to parents, but for many schools it is can be an arm鈥檚-length, occasional, sometimes patronizing relationship held on the school鈥檚 terms. In the best of the new school models we鈥檝e seen, parents are active, co-creating, engaged, and involved partners. For example, they will have ongoing dialogue with their child鈥檚 adviser; they are involved in assessment and exhibition; they are active in the development of students鈥� personal learning plans. These schools know that they don鈥檛 recruit students to the school, they recruit families, and that parents are the most significant adults in students鈥� learning and well-being.
9. Growing the number of meaningful adult relationships creates opportunity
One of the abiding successes of the U.K.'s public (i.e., private, privileged) schooling system has been the strength of its old-boys鈥� network (gender, unfortunately, apt). People frequently succeed because of their social capital--the number of people that they know who can help them. So many of the schools we have seen recognize this and build relational capital into their design. One purpose of internship mentors or the community experts is to increase the number of significant adult relationships in each young person鈥檚 life. In turn, those adults get to be meaningfully involved in the work of the school, and they receive the gift of contributing to real-world success in the lives of students. They change lives.
10. Peer-to-peer support is a multiplier
Advisory is family. Students in these schools spend much more of their time in school together in advisory than an equivalent student in most secondary schools, where 鈥渃urriculum鈥� time is prioritized over pastoral. Teacher advisers stay with their crew year after year, and this group of up to 20 students and one adviser behave like they are 21 learners and 21 teachers, all looking out for one another and supporting each other to succeed. What鈥檚 not to like?
There are, of course, great and not-so-good schools in every new school model. There is a danger of over-hyping, over-glorifying them. Dennis Littky is the first to say about Big Picture Learning schools, which he co-founded, that there are exemplary ones and there are those just not so good. There is a spectrum, just as with all schools. But the best are very, very good, and those less good are still doing a fine job and striving to do it better. The same is true within any of the individual schools. There are astonishing teachers and there are those still struggling to acquire the craft knowledge to optimize the potential of the approach. Of course there are; they are human systems.
You could argue that this is the story of any school system, but it is hard to spend time in some of these exemplary schools and not to come back to the U.K. changed. They offer up a paradigm shift in how to 鈥渄o school,鈥� which is transformative enough. But they also demonstrate a tangible and inspiring shift in what students are able to achieve within these contexts when they are supported with rigor by teachers who hold a passionate belief in what they do and how they do it.
For now, it is enough to say that we believe there are multiple new models of school that can do a great job for all young people--that can get closer to the values of equity, social justice, and the liberation of human potential that is inherent within the educational mission. We are equally convinced that the traditional model of schooling is not, by a long stretch, the best we can, or should do, for young people.