is an associate professor at Seton Hall University. She鈥檚 the author of the book and her research has been featured in popular outlets like the New York Times and the Huffington Post. She鈥檚 spending the year as a visiting researcher at Australia鈥檚 University of Sydney, so she鈥檒l explore how issues of school choice, rural education, and teacher recruitment get tackled down under. Today she鈥檚 joined by coauthor , an American senior lecturer at the University of Sydney.
Australia. For many Americans, this distant country conjures up images of kangaroos, crocodile hunters, and Vegemite sandwiches courtesy of the pop culture that found its way to American soil. This superficial knowledge of the vast 鈥渓and down under鈥� belies the country鈥檚 rich and complex history and its interesting educational context that is ripe for comparison with the U.S.
So, in the next three guest blog posts, we鈥檒l highlight a few key aspects of the educational landscape in Australia that we鈥檝e found particularly notable as American academics living and working in Australia (one temporarily as a visiting researcher on sabbatical and one permanently, as a senior lecturer, both at the University of Sydney). We鈥檒l describe the extensive system of school choice and controversial funding policies, and explore some of the initiatives in place to try to attract and retain strong teachers in rural and remote areas.
Before we dive into the nitty gritty of schooling in Australia, it is helpful to understand more about the country itself (i.e., no one actually drinks ), and to outline some core tenets of the educational system. Australia is simultaneously the world鈥檚 largest island and smallest continental land mass, and the country in the world. It is only slightly smaller geographically than the USA, which is the fourth largest in the world. Despite similarities in land mass, these two countries have drastically different populations: Approximately 25 million people live in Australia (spread across six states and two territories) whereas the U.S. is home to more than 300 million.
Both countries have complex histories of , although the nature and impetus for new arrivals landing on Australian shores in the 1800s were quite distinct, as many of the early immigrants were British convicts and therefore migrated involuntarily. Moreover, the horrific mistreatment of indigenous communities in both the U.S. and Australia reflect shared sources of national shame.
To this day, migration remains an important feature of Australia鈥檚 demography. As of the latest census (in 2016) nearly half of people in Australia were either foreign-born (28.4 percent) or had at least one foreign-born parent (20.9 percent), with nearly one-fifth of the foreign-born population arriving since 2012. While migrants from the United Kingdom and New Zealand comprise the largest share of the foreign-born population (21 percent combined), there has been in both Chinese and Indian migration in recent years, a trend that is poised to continue.
The growing diversity of Australia鈥檚 population is mirrored in its schools. In New South Wales, for example, the most populous state that is home to the largest number of foreign-born families, roughly a third of students in public schools language backgrounds other than English. Of these students, 15.9 percent come from Chinese language backgrounds followed by 13.9 percent of students where Arabic is the dominant home language. Much like the U.S., people (and students) are not evenly distributed across Australia. More than 9 million people live in Melbourne and Sydney alone, contributing to the 86 percent urbanization . But Australia鈥檚 comparatively smaller population means that the population density in some areas is extremely low, creating a unique challenge for staffing public schools in rural and remote areas (see this coming Friday鈥檚 blog post).
There are approximately in Australia comprising three basic types: government (public), Catholic (private), and independent (private). With more than 275,000 full-time teachers in these schools, the system-wide student-teacher ratio is 13.7 to 1, with independent schools having the lowest ratio at 11.8 to 1 and Catholic schools the highest at 14.4 to 1.
As in the U.S., much of the educational decision-making in Australia occurs at the state/territory level, though funding for education is between the federal government (28.4 percent) and states/territories (71.6 percent). In general, the Commonwealth is the for private, non-government schools (shocking, we know!), while states and territories are the majority public funder for public, government schools. This unique system exists largely for historical and political reasons, and remains a topic of intense debate (see this coming Wednesday鈥檚 blog post).
Several recent national innovations鈥攊ncluding the National Assessment of Literacy and Numeracy and 鈥攈ave likewise proven controversial. NAPLAN is a series of tests administered in grades 3, 5, 7, and 9 (akin to NAEP in the U.S.). Critics argue that NAPLAN has to improve assessment results while increasing time spent on test preparation.
Meanwhile, MySchool is an online database available to parents/guardians interested in reviewing the performance and funding levels of individual schools. It鈥檚 been attacked for promoting competition among schools and parents and reinforcing among citizens.
In sum, in some ways educational policy in Australia is quite similar to the U.S., while in others it strays widely. In the blog posts that follow we will explore issues relevant to both contexts, while drawing comparisons that hopefully leave you wanting to learn more about Australia, to discover its educational challenges and successes, and to take a long plane ride to come see it all for yourself. Plus, .
鈥擟arolyn Sattin-Bajaj and Matthew A.M. Thomas