This post is by Cynthia Leck, a partner at
What comes to mind when you hear the word 鈥渁udit鈥�? Taxes? Accounting? Compliance? What about school design? No? Well, for those working in and running schools, auditing can also be a useful way to learn more about the environment you鈥檝e designed and unearth ways to improve deeper learning. The process can be used in many flexible ways. You just need a deep understanding of your school and a set of criteria you want to analyze your school against. In working with design teams, I鈥檝e seen the auditing process work especially well as a way to address a truly daunting task: aligning school designs to research on how deep, long-lasting learning happens.
Why is this such a daunting task? It鈥檚 actually not hard to understand. The pace of education research in recent times is staggering. Yet this research is often long and complex, and working in or running a school does not leave much time for processing and applying all that鈥檚 being discovered. As we explored , the result is that many of our students are still sitting in schools that look and operate like those of a century ago. These schools were designed for a different era鈥攚hen the purpose of education was to prepare an elite few for professional careers and everyone else for industrial and local work. However, our society has changed drastically, and we now know a great deal more about how to help schools do the same.
In this two-part blog series, I鈥檒l dig deeper into research related to two hot topics鈥攖he role of emotions and social connections in deep learning and the potential of flexible, student-driven learning鈥攊n order to set leaders up to learn about and improve their own schools. I鈥檒l start by summarizing some key points from the research.Then I鈥檒l offer a set of criteria that can be used to audit a school design. Finally, I鈥檒l highlight some of the common pitfalls that may occur. It bears noting that this is not the first time the research on these topics has been summarized, far from it. However, my hope is that shedding light on the key implications for schools and the typical design pitfalls will help schools more easily audit their environment and make decisions that support deep, long-lasting learning.
What does the research say about emotions and social connections?
First, research demonstrates that emotions interact with cognition in complex ways to support or hinder learning. Emotions ranging from glee to rage can be constructive for learning because they instill a sense that the content and experiences are valuable and increase students鈥� motivation. On the other hand, research demonstrates that unconstructive emotions鈥攍ike anxiety, fear, and depression鈥攃an also monopolize a learner鈥檚 attention and overwhelm working memory. This inhibits new learning and can cause a learner to disengage from the learning community, especially when the emotions occupying his or her mind are not acknowledged and responded to by those around the learner. Another relevant finding from research related to emotions and learning is that strong emotions鈥攂oth positive and negative ones鈥攃an create cues that strengthen the likelihood of remembering specific events, thoughts, and feelings at a later point in time. These vivid, long-lasting memories are sometimes referred to as 鈥渇lashbulb鈥� memories. The creation of these types of powerful memories can help lock in learning. However, learners also bring prior life experiences with them to school each day, and in some cases, these experiences may be negative, traumatic ones that impair learning when triggered.
And what about social connections? How do they influence deeper learning? In many ways, social connections work hand in hand with emotions. For example, researchers have found that both having a general sense that one belongs within the school community and having deep, meaningful relationships with individual peers and teachers can foster constructive emotions and can buffer against anxiety, stress, and trauma. Research also demonstrates that learning through collaborative and social interaction can make the process feel more valuable to learners and in turn increase motivation. This type of learning also provides a context wherein students can actively grapple with ideas by explaining their thinking and listening to the ideas of others. This process of active, generative learning supports successful encoding, provides a different way to practice and get feedback, and even helps learners think about their own thinking. All of this helps make learning deeper and more long-lasting.
How might a school work to honor the research?
This research suggests that schools need to actively attend to the social and emotional elements of learning and development if they want to achieve deep, long-lasting learning. Now comes the hard part鈥攁pplying this research to our schools. In order to help you, the table below outlines some of the implications of this research for schools. Specifically, it includes a set of six criteria that can be used when auditing the design and implementation of a school. It also lists some specific examples of design choices that would honor the criteria, along with some common design pitfalls.
Auditing Criteria | Aligned Design Choices | Common Design Pitfalls
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Social and emotional competencies are explicit learning goals |
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Constructive emotions are actively fostered |
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Unconstructive emotions such as excessive stress and anxiety are buffered against |
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All learners feel an authentic sense of belonging in the school community |
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All learners have authentic, deep relationships with a trusted adult and peers |
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Learners routinely have opportunities to grapple with learning together |
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Read more about the specific research underpinning this post in Transcend鈥檚 Designing for Learning resources, accessible .