The proportion of students who get college credit for passing grades on Advanced Placement exams may be far lower than policymakers, educators, and students commonly believe, a study suggests.
The College Board, which launched the AP program in 1955, claims in its promotional literature that almost two-thirds of the high school students who take its exams score high enough to qualify for advanced placement or academic credit in the colleges they enter.
That means they earn a 3 or better on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 signifying a student who is 鈥渆xtremely well- qualified.鈥�
But in a paper published last month in the online journal Education Policy Analysis Archives, a retired Yale University physics professor suggests that just under half of all AP test-takers鈥�49 percent鈥攎ay actually get college credit for passing grades on the exams.
And he contends that the discrepancy between the College Board鈥檚 numbers and actual college practices suggests that the organization鈥檚 grading scale is out of step with the nation鈥檚 colleges and universities.
鈥淥ne of the strengths of the program is the idea of external validation by people who are knowledgeable,鈥� the study鈥檚 author, William L. Lichten, said in an interview. 鈥淚f that external validation no longer holds, then I would say everything鈥檚 up for grabs.鈥�
But the exam program鈥檚 top administrator disputed that claim.
鈥淎P standards have been maintained over time because we tie our standards to students鈥� college- level performance,鈥� said Lee Jones of the New York City-based College Board.
Statistics Questioned
He said the board sets its scales and rechecks them periodically by giving the exams to college students taking comparable, introductory-level courses, comparing those scores with students鈥� actual grades, and then tracking their progress in the next-level course.
鈥淭hat鈥檚 the ultimate test of whether our standards are right,鈥� Mr. Jones said.
The issue is timely because policymakers at the state and national levels are increasingly looking to the AP program as a way to raise the level of coursework students complete in high school.
A U.S. Department of Education study last year showed, for example, that whether high school students have taken rigorous courses, such as those the AP program offers, is the single most important predictor of their success in college. ( 鈥淪tudy Links High School Courses With College Success,鈥� June 2, 1999.)
Nationwide, 1 million students take AP exams each year, at $69 per test. The nonprofit College Board鈥攚hich also sponsors the SAT college-entrance exam鈥攙owed earlier this year to expand the popular Advanced Placement program further by doubling the number of exams administered and putting 10 AP courses in every high school in the country by 2010.
Critics such as Mr. Lichten contend that the rapid growth of the program is partly to blame for what they perceive to be its softening academic standards.
鈥淚n the case of AP, it started out as an extremely elitist program, mainly for students who went to prep schools and then went on to Harvard and Yale,鈥� Mr. Lichten said. 鈥淗owever, I think the College Board has concentrated on increasing the numbers of people in the program, and has let slide the quality.鈥�
Mr. Lichten based his estimates on the percentages of students obtaining credit for AP courses from a survey of 41 colleges and universities where large numbers of students apply for such credit.
Tighter Requirements
In 15 of the most competitive schools on the list, students must get an AP score of at least a 4 to receive academic credit, meaning they are 鈥渨ell qualified,鈥� rather than simply 鈥渜ualified.鈥�
鈥淥verall, some highly selective colleges and universities have tightened up from the standpoint that they don鈥檛 award credit for as many 3鈥檚 as they used to,鈥� Mr. Jones acknowledged.
But he said the College Board鈥檚 own annual survey of 2,800 institutions shows that 88 percent of schools accept predominantly 3鈥檚 or a mixture of 3鈥檚 and 4鈥檚 for college credit.
More exact percentages are hard to come by because each academic department at a college sets its own acceptance standards.
鈥淲hat鈥檚 probably most alarming about this study is this elitist notion that seems to come through that says AP is for a small population in selective schools,鈥� Mr. Jones added. 鈥淲e don鈥檛 buy that.鈥�
