The argument that students and parents should be able to go to court to enforce the 1974 federal law that guarantees the privacy of student records met with skepticism in the U.S. Supreme Court last week.
鈥淐ongress was clearly addressing the interests of parents鈥� when it enacted the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, or FERPA, said Beth S. Brinkmann, the lawyer for a former college student who sued his educational institution over an unauthorized disclosure.
But Justice Sandra Day O鈥機onnor pointed out that the privacy law outlines only an enforcement system in which the secretary of education can withhold federal aid from a school or college with a policy or practice of making unauthorized disclosures.
鈥淭he remedy is withholding funds,鈥� she told Ms. Brinkmann. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 see how you extrapolate a private remedy for damages.鈥�
Despite the complexity of the court鈥檚 doctrine regarding when a right to sue can be construed from statutes that don鈥檛 specifically authorize one, the April 24 oral arguments in Gonzaga University v. Doe (Case No. 01-679) were engaging.
And the stakes are potentially high for all schools and colleges that receive federal money. If the court authorizes private lawsuits under FERPA, also known as the Buckley Amendment, those institutions will be exposed to greater scrutiny and liability in the courts for their handling of student records. A decision by the Supreme Court against private lawsuits, on the other hand, would mean that the Department of Education would remain the authoritative arbiter of the privacy law. Both the Bush administration and Gonzaga, a private, Roman Catholic university in Spokane, Wash., argued last week that Congress wanted only the department to enforce FERPA.
鈥淭he statute is directed to the secretary of education, not to the educational institutions,鈥� said John G. Roberts Jr., the lawyer for Gonzaga. 鈥淐ongress was not concerned with individual instances of disclosure.鈥�
Patricia A. Millett, an assistant U.S. solicitor general, said that Congress used language in FERPA that was different from that in many federal civil rights laws.
鈥淭he statute says, 鈥楴o funds shall be distributed by the secretary of education鈥� 鈥� in the event of violations, she said. 鈥淭hat is not the type of language Congress would use to confer individual rights.鈥�
But Justice John Paul Stevens pointed out that FERPA does mention the 鈥渞ight鈥� of parents to inspect their children鈥檚 educational records. He pressed both Mr. Roberts and Ms. Millett on whether that constituted a federal right that could be enforced in federal court. They both said no.
鈥淲hatever it is, it is a collective, programwide right,鈥� not an individual right that could be enforced in court, Ms. Millett argued.
Overworked Staff?
The case stems from charges by a former education student at Gonzaga鈥攊dentified in court papers only as John Doe鈥攖hat university officials violated FERPA when they passed along unsubstantiated allegations that he had sexually assaulted a classmate.
Gonzaga made the disclosure to the office of the Washington state superintendent of public instruction. Mr. Doe then failed to get the state certification he needed to become a teacher. He sued the university and one of its officials for defamation, the FERPA violation, and other claims.
A jury awarded him $1.1 million, of which $450,000 was based on the violation of FERPA. The Washington Supreme Court upheld the verdict last year.
The U.S. Supreme Court took an interest in the case as a vehicle to decide whether the privacy law could be enforced with lawsuits.
Part of the oral argument was devoted to how the Education Department enforces the law. The department has a little-known section called the Family Policy Compliance Office, which receives complaints about privacy violations and asks school districts and colleges to respond. The office typically resolves cases by telling an educational institution to stop an offending practice or to provide greater access to records. (鈥淐ourt to Decide if Pupil Privacy a Federal Case,鈥� April 17, 2002.)
Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg asked whether the small office, based at the Education Department鈥檚 headquarters, was up to the task of enforcing FERPA nationwide.
鈥淭his one agency, we鈥檙e told, has all of seven staff members鈥� hardly a number that could handle the flood of complaints,鈥� she said to Mr. Roberts.
Justice Anthony M. Kennedy interjected: 鈥淒o we know that these seven people are overworked?鈥�
A little later, Ms. Millett, representing the federal government, told the justices that the family-policy office 鈥渉andles an amazing amount of work鈥攐ver 900 pieces of correspondence per year.鈥�
鈥淭hat鈥檚 three letters a day,鈥� Justice Stevens said with a grin.
It also handles phone and e- mail inquiries, Ms. Millett added.
鈥淭he secretary has been very successful in enforcing this in an informal manner,鈥� she said.
Contagion of Lawsuits
Ms. Brinkmann, the lawyer for Mr. Doe, later said that the family-policy office 鈥渟erves an admirable role,鈥� but that it cannot meet all needs under the law in a timely manner.
For example, parents and students cannot petition the Education Department to bar an unauthorized disclosure of student records in an individual case, she said. They need to retain the ability to go to court to get an injunction to serve that purpose, she added.
The idea that families would be able to drag educational institutions into court appeared troubling to Justice Stephen G. Breyer, who often expresses concern about court interference in the operation of public education.
鈥淭he image that comes up in my mind is private actions all over the place,鈥� Justice Breyer said. He added that he feared more school districts would end up in court the way an Oklahoma school district did over its policy of allowing students to grade each other鈥檚 papers in class.
A mother in that case challenged that practice as a violation of FERPA and won in a federal appeals court. But the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in February in Owasso Independent School District v. Falvo that the practice did not violate the privacy law. (The high court assumed, without deciding at that time, that the parent had the right to challenge the grading practice in federal court.)
A 鈥渃entral scheme鈥� for enforcing FERPA might have some drawbacks for individual cases, Justice Breyer said last week, but it might be the best approach to ensure 鈥渢he effective management of schools.鈥�
A decision in the case is expected by early July.
