When Sen. Bernie Sanders of Vermont has discussed K-12 education during his campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, one of his favorite topics is his 2001 vote against the No Child Left Behind Act, which among other things instituted new testing requirements in grades 3-8 and high school as well as federally mandated consequences for schools doing poorly on the tests.
in January, Sanders said he voted against No Child Left Behind 鈥渂ecause it was as clear to me then, as it is now, that so-called school choice and high-stakes standardized testing would not improve our schools or enhance our children鈥檚 ability to learn.鈥� He wants an end to 鈥渉igh-stakes testing.鈥� And in a December 2019 , Sanders said student performance should be tracked .
The No Child Left Behind Act has a history beyond just one vote, as does the law that replaced it. Here are some key moments from Sanders鈥� record with NCLB and federal accountability related to testing in general.
鈥� May 22, 2001: The House is close to voting on its reauthorization of federal K-12 law, a bill called the No Child Left Behind Act. It includes a new requirement that states administer tests students annually in reading and math, with federally mandated consequences attached to those test results. Rep. Pete Hoekstra, R-Mich., introduces an amendment to eliminate the testing requirement. , but it falls short. This follows a failed effort earlier in the month in the GOP-controlled House education committee to strip the mandate out of the bill by Rep. Betty McCollum, D-Minn.
鈥� May 23, 2001: The House votes to pass its version of the No Child Left Behind Act. , which includes the annual testing requirement for states. The testing requirement is 鈥渁t the heart鈥� of the legislation and, as Diane Ravitch writes, reflects the desires of the Bush administration. Most of the votes against it are Republicans.
鈥� Summer 2001: Concerns about the House (and Senate) versions of NCLB grow. In a 2003 history of the legislation published in the journal Education Next, Andrew Rudalevige wrote that including teachers鈥� unions opposed to mandatory testing, as well as state policymakers and others. Sandy Kress, a top education adviser to President George W. Bush, also recalled that and the president鈥檚 political standing was weakening in the summer.
鈥� Fall 2001: The Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks create a surge in bipartisan sentiment that key players have said .
鈥� Dec. 13, 2001: , called a conference report, along with 40 other House lawmakers.
Despite the new spirit of collaboration following the 9/11 attacks, Charles Barone, who that year worked for the House education committee鈥檚 top Democrat, Rep. George Miller of California, told us that to the best of his recollection, 鈥渢here was more political pressure on the conference report because, by then, opponents were able to build up a head of steam.鈥� Key elements regarding required tests don鈥檛 change from the House bill, Barone notes.
鈥� July 15, 2015: With pressure mounting to replace the unloved NCLB, the Senate passes its reauthorization of federal K-12 law called the Every Child Achieves Act; , along with 80 other senators. It includes the same basic federal mandates for state testing in reading and math as NCLB, but rolls back other significant federal requirements attached to the tests like adequate yearly progress. Prior to passage, Sanders votes in favor of an amendment from Sen. Chris Murphy, D-Conn., that would have for interventions in struggling schools based on test scores. Sanders joins nearly every Democrat in backing Murphy鈥檚 amendment.
A week later, for supporting Murphy鈥檚 amendment. by saying he backed it to express concerns about some aspects of the legislation, but stressed again that he supported the bill because it would help end 鈥渉igh stakes testing and draconian interventions鈥� in schools.
鈥� Dec. 9, 2015: Sanders (who was in the middle of a presidential campaign) , called the Every Student Succeeds Act, that President Barack Obama signs the next day. The 12 lawmakers who vote against it are all Republicans. Sen. Elizabeth Warren, D-Mass., who like Sanders runs for president in 2020 pledging to end 鈥渉igh-stakes testing,鈥� votes in favor of the bill.
In sum, Sanders has a record on Capitol Hill of opposing standardized tests and requirements for how they鈥檙e used, although it鈥檚 not as black and white as some might believe or suggest.
Why does all this matter? The Every Student Succeeds Act is virtually certain to stick around for a while, even though technically it鈥檚 been up for reauthorization since last December. But if Sanders is elected president鈥攁nd particularly if he were to be re-elected in 2024鈥攖here might start to be at least rumblings that ESSA needs a facelift, if not a total overhaul. Sen. Lamar Alexander, R-Tenn., one of the law鈥檚 main architects, has made it clear that when ESSA was written, a major sticking point was whether to continue the mandate for those reading and math tests.
If Congress takes another crack at revamping federal education law in, say, 2027, would there be a lot of momentum for ditching the testing mandate altogether? And if there is, how would a President Sanders respond? decries the federal government鈥檚 鈥渃onditioning funding on standardized test scores,鈥� but doesn鈥檛 answer those questions.
Democrats are split on the issue of testing. Some support what Sanders wrote in his USA Today op-ed about testing鈥檚 perverse impact on schools and educators. Others, including several powerbrokers on Capitol Hill, say such tests and attaching consequences to them is crucial for measuring schools鈥� performance and directing more resources and support to struggling, often-neglected students.
We reached out to Sanders鈥� campaign about his vote for the House version of NCLB in May 2001, and whether he鈥檇 back an elimination of the federally required tests as president. We鈥檒l update this story if we hear back.
One issue to watch if Sanders wins: Sanders has publicly discussed how he helped write the part of ESSA that created a local assessment pilot. This allows states to work on alternative assessments to the traditional state exams at the district level before, ideally, scaling them up. Sanders has talked up the pilot because in his view, , it allows states to administer innovative assessments that 鈥減rovide actionable information during the school year that can inform instructional practice.鈥�
However, while this approach鈥攌nown as performance assessment鈥攊s sometimes cast as very different if not the opposite from giving end-of-year standardized tests, performance assessments are in fact often standardized and can produce valid, reliable results. You can read a little more about performance assessment here.
So far, however, only a handful of states are participating in that ESSA pilot. (See what Louisiana is doing under the pilot here.) Could鈥攐r would鈥攁 Sanders administration direct the U.S. Department of Education to make it easier somehow for more states to participate in the pilot, or put a big emphasis on it in public statements and speeches?
Photo: Sen. Bernie Sanders of Vermont. (Patrick Semansky for the Associated Press)